General government surplus or deficit across European countries.
General government net lending (+) / net borrowing (–) (% of GDP) (2023): highest in Denmark at 3.4%, lowest in Italy at -7.1%, across 27 European countries.
| Country | General government net lending (+) / net borrowing (–) (% of GDP) |
|---|---|
| Denmark | 3.4% |
| Cyprus | 1.7% |
| Ireland | 1.4% |
| Portugal | 1.1% |
| Netherlands | -0.4% |
| Lithuania | -0.7% |
| Luxembourg | -0.7% |
| Sweden | -0.9% |
| Croatia | -1.1% |
| Greece | -1.4% |
| Bulgaria | -2.0% |
| Latvia | -2.3% |
| Germany | -2.5% |
| Austria | -2.6% |
| Slovenia | -2.6% |
| Estonia | -2.7% |
| Finland | -2.9% |
| Spain | -3.3% |
| Czechia | -3.7% |
| Belgium | -4.1% |
| Malta | -4.4% |
| Poland | -5.2% |
| Slovakia | -5.3% |
| France | -5.4% |
| Romania | -6.6% |
| Hungary | -7.0% |
| Italy | -7.1% |
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Data is sourced from official European statistics offices via the Nordic Data API and refreshed automatically. Reference periods are shown with each table — figures are always the latest complete period published, never estimates.